INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE - 15 Minutes Seminar Notes

   INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE - 15 Minutes Seminar Notes

Indian Revolutionary Movement :-

• The Revolutionary movement for Indian Independence was the part of the Indian independence movement comprising the actions of violent underground revolutionary factions.
  
• Groups believing in armed revolution against the ruling British fall into this category, as opposed to the generally peaceful civil disobedience movement spearheaded by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.
  
• The revolutionary groups were mainly concentrated in Bengal, Maharashtra, Bihar, the United Provinces and Punjab. More groups were scattered across India.
  

Major Movements :-

• Indian National Congress Founded - 28 December 1885 
• Swadeshi and Boycott Resolution - 1905
  
• Muslim League Founded - 1906
  
• Gadhar Movement -1913
  
• Home Rule Movement - April 1916
  
• Champaran Satyagraha - 1917
  
• Kheda Satyagraha - 1917
  
• Ahmedabad Mill Strike - 1918
  
• Rowlatt Act Satyagraha February - 1919
  
• Non-Cooperation Movement - 1920
  
• Civil Disobedience movement - 1930
  
• Quit India Movement - 1942
  

Foundation Of Muslim League :-

• The All-India Muslim League (popularised as the Muslim League) was a political party established in 1906 in British India.
  
• Its strong advocacy, from 1930 onwards, for the establishment of a separate Muslim-majority nation-state, Pakistan, successfully led to the partition of India in 1947 by the British Empire.
  

Partition Of Bengal :- 

• The first Partition of Bengal (1905) was a territorial reorganization of the Bengal Presidency implemented by the authorities of the British Raj.
  
• The reorganization separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas.
  
• Announced on 19 July 1905 by Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy of India, and implemented on 16 October 1905, it was undone a mere six years later.
  
• The Hindus of West Bengal complained that the division would make them a minority in a province that would incorporate the province of Bihar and Orissa.
  
• Hindus were outraged at what they saw as a "divide and rule" policy, even though Curzon stressed it would produce administrative efficiency.
  
• The partition animated the Muslims to form their own national organization along communal lines.
  
• To appease Bengali sentiment, Bengal was reunited by Lord Hardinge in 1911, in response to the Swadeshi movement's riots in protest against the policy.
  
• In 1947, Bengal was partitioned for the second time, solely on religious grounds, as part of the Partition of India.
  
• East Bengal joined with the Muslim majority provinces in the western part of India (Balochistan, Punjab, Sindh, and the North-West Frontier Province), creating a new state of Pakistan.
  
• East Bengal, the only non-contiguous part of Pakistan, was renamed "East Pakistan" in 1955.
  
• In 1971, East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh.
  

World War I and Indian Nationalism :-

• The First World War began with an unprecedented outpouring of support towards Britain from within the mainstream political leadership.
  
• Contrary to initial British fears of an Indian revolt, Indians contributed considerably to the British war effort by providing men and resources.
  
• About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition.
  
• Nonetheless, Bengal and Punjab remained hotbeds of anti-colonial activities.
  
• Nationalism in Bengal, increasingly associated with the unrest in Punjab, was of significant ferocity to almost complete the paralysis of the regional administration.
  
• Meanwhile, failed conspiracies were triggered by revolutionaries lack of preparedness to organise a nationalist revolt.
  

The Home-Rule Movement :-

• The Indian Home Rule movement was a movement in British India on the lines of Irish Home Rule movement and other home rule movements.
  

• The movement lasted around two years between 1916–1918 and is believed to have set the stage for the independence movement under the leadership of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak to the educated English speaking upper class Indians.
  

• In 1920 All India Home Rule League changed its name to Swarajya Sabha.
  

• In India, the Home Rule movement resurrected Nationalist activities.
  

• It paved the way for extremists' re-entrance into Congress.
  

• The movement put tremendous pressure on British rule.
  

• The movement of home rule continued to provide strength to nationalist sentiments in the future and this sequence of activities eventually resulted in the Independence of India in 1947.
  

Lucknow Pact :-

• The Lucknow Pact was an agreement reached between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League (AIML) at a joint session of both the parties held in Lucknow in December 1916.
  
• Through the pact, the two parties agreed to allow representation to religious minorities in the provincial legislatures.
• The Muslim League leaders agreed to join the Congress movement demanding Indian autonomy.
  
• Scholars cite this as an example of a consociational practice in Indian politics.
  
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak represented the Congress while framing the deal, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah (who was part of both Congress and the Muslim League in 1916) and Mahatma Gandhi also participated in this events.
  

                       

Presented By,

M. Dhinakaran

Tnpsc Student

Magme School Of banking