Monetary Policy of RBI - 15 Mints Seminar Notes

Objective:

• Full employment
• Price stability
• Economic Growth
• Balance of Payment

Definition:

• Monetary Policy refers to the credit control measures adopted by the central bank of a country.

• Monetary policy “as policy employing central bank’s control of the supply of the supply of money as an instrument for achieves of general economic policy.”

• It can be classified into two measures one is qualitative measures and other is quantitative measures

Quantitative Measures :

Repo rate, bank rate, cash reserve ratio, open market operations and statutory liquidity ratio .. etc are the quantitative tools

REPO: RBI gives money to Bank by Government securities (for short time)

REPO rate -6.50%  on august 2023 which was decided by  MPC meeting held at June

REVERSE REPO: the interest rate at which  the RBI absorbs liquidity  from bans against the collateral of eligible government securities under the LAF(Liquidity adjustment fund)

LAF (Liquidity adjustment facility): injects /absorbs liquidity into the other bank from the banking system.

SDF(standing Deposit facility): The rate at which the RBI accepts uncollateralised deposit, on an overnight basis, from all LAF participants.

MSF(Marginal standing facility): the penal rate at which banks can borrow, on an overnight basis, from the reserve Bank by dipping into their statutory liquidity Ratio(SLR) portfolio.SDF and MSF rate is placed at 25 basis points above the policy repo rate

Bank rate: the rate at  which it is ready to by or rediscount bills of exchange  or other commercial papers. Alignment with MSF rate(over long term period like a year)

Cash reserve Ratio(CRR): the average daily balance that a bank is required to maintain with the Reserve Bank as a per cent of its (net demand and time liabilities(NDTL)

Statutory liquidity ratio(SLR): Every bank shall maintain assets, the value of which shall not be less than such percentage of the total of its demand and time liabilities in India. These assets can be cash in hand, gold, government securities etc.

Open Market Operation(OMOS):The include outright purchase/sale of  government securities by the Reserve bank for injection/absorption of durable liquidity in the banking system.

Qualitative measures :

Loan to value  ratio controls:  the collateral required for a loan amount $60,000 should be 1 lakh . however for $20,000  loan 1 lakh collateral should not be taken .

Consumer credit control:  RBI suggest 80%  down payment manditory for EMI CASE 1: If bike 10% down-payment and  the rest as loan than such terms should be eliminated.

Rationing : Asking to banks to manditory lend some sector more than the other EG: 18% to 30% credit through priority sector lending for agriculture farmers

Moral suassion : some cases even after RBI reduce the Repo rate the bank do not reduce the lending rates for loans.

Action: Governor speaks in interview or collages take firm actions for achieving inflation reduction.

Direct action: If even after such intimation banks do not heed the RBI, it will give penalty on that bank

Presented By,

Thiruvenkadam

Banking Student

Magme Medal, Hosur.

Clean Note Policy - 15 Mints Seminar Notes

Overview

• In India, currency forms a significant part of the money supply, even though we are moving towards Digitization. It was observed that many of the notes in circulation were soiled and mutilated and these wereno more considered as a decent medium of exchange. 
• Nobody wanted to accept these notes, however, if somebody acquired these notes while transacting, they wanted to get rid of them at the first available opportunity. 
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has Introduced clan note policy in 1999, asking the banks do not pass on the soiled, torn, and scribbled notes to the customer and deposit the same to the RBI. 
• RBI has issued a directive under Section 35A of the Banking regulation Act, 1949, prohibiting the stapling of currency notes/packets.
  

Objective

• The objective of the Clean Note Policy is to give the customers good quality currency notes and coins while the soiled notes are withdrawn out of circulation and issue only good quality clean notes to the public and refrain from recycling the soiled notes receive over the counter.
  

RBI’s Clean Note Policy

• Bank shall accept and deliver currency notes in unstapled and unstitched condition only.
  
• Bank will ensure removal of soiled notes and will ensure such notes are not circulated. All such notes will be replaced with good notes.
  
• All customers are requested to tender currency notes in unstapled condition. The bank will also issue currency notes in unstapled condition.
  
• Please DO NOT write or scribble on the currency notes.
  
• DO NOT use banknotes for making garlands/toys, decorating pandals and places of worship or for showering on personalities in social events, etc.
  
• Please count and check the currency notes before leaving the counter.
  
• Soiled and Mutilated currency notes are freely exchanged under RBI note refund rules 2009 at our Teller Counters.
  
• Coins and small denomination notes are freely accepted/issued at our cash counters.
  
• It is to be noted that the watermark on these notes is a major security feature and if the watermark is damaged or broken the machine classifies them as bad notes.
  

Presented by

Kirubakaran

Banking Student

MAGME MEDAL

Open Market Operations - 15 Mints Seminar Notes

Introduction

• Open market operations (OMO) are actions a central bank takes to control the money supply, such as open market purchases and sales of short-term Treasury securities and other securities. 
• The Federal Reserve (Fed) uses open market operations to influence interest rates in the United States, specifically the federal funds rate used for interbank lending. 
• Buying securities puts money into the economy, which lowers interest rates and makes loans more available.
  

Open Market Operations

What are Open Market Operations?

The selling and buying of Treasury Bills and other Government Securities by a country's Central Bank in order to control the amount of money in the economy are known as open market operations.

Open market operations are a part of central banks' most important monetary control methods. When the central bank wants to reduce the market's money supply, it sells securities on the open market. The intention is to raise interest rates. This approach is also known as contractionary monetary policy.

Similarly, when the central bank wants to increase the amount of money on the market, it will buy securities. This action is being taken to lower interest rates and promote the nation's economic growth. This strategy is known as expansionary monetary policy.

Temporary Open Market

Operations (TOMOs)Repurchase Agreements, Reverse Repurchase Agreements

Types of Open Market Operations

The two types of open market activities are permanent open market operations and transient open market operations.

1. Permanent Open Market Operations (POMO): These involve the central bank of any country selling and buying securities or treasuries on the open market in order to change the money supply. It is a means of influencing the economy.

2. Temporary Open Market Operations: These are used to add or subtract reserves from or into the banking system on a short-term basis. Repurchase agreements, also known as Repos or reverse repurchase agreements, or RRPs, are used for short-term open market transactions.

Example: RBI's Role in Open Market Operation

The Reserve Bank of India conducted open market operations for the first time in 2019. In India, the RBI regulates OMOs by buying and selling G-Secs, government securities, in and out of the market. The main goal is to change the rupee's market liquidity conditions in the long term. When the RBI determines that there is more than adequate liquidity in the market, it sells securities and reduces rupee liquidity. On the other hand, the Reserve Bank of India purchases from the open market when it perceives a liquidity constraint.

Case Study

• Explain with an example of a federal bank engaging in outright open market operations. Understanding how the Federal Reserve of the United States sets monetary policy is critical to comprehending open market operations in India. The United States is the best open market operations example for us to understand the many nuances of free market activities. 
• In order to preserve the stability of the US economy and avoid the negative effects of inflation or deflation, the Federal Reserve Board establishes a goal known as the federal funds rate. Federal funds rates are the interest rates that banks charge one another for overnight loans. Due to this consistent flow of enormous sums of money, banks can ensure that their cash reserves are sufficient to meet client demands.
  
• In addition to serving as a benchmark for other interest rates, the federal funds rate determines the direction of a variety of interest rates, including those on credit cards, mortgages, and savings accounts.
  

Conclusion

• We could conclude that open market processes are critical components of an economy. They are required to maintain a consistent and controlled flow of funds into the market. 
• The Federal Reserve uses open market operations to raise or lower interest rates by buying and selling securities in the open market. They are one of the tools available of the Federal Reserve for accelerating or decelerating the nation's economic activity. Through open market operations, the Federal Reserve injects or removes money into the country's money supply.
  

Presented by

Arvind

CAT Student

MAGME MEDAL, HOSUR

 GENERAL CREDIT CARD - 15 Mints Seminar Notes

The credit card term is used for a small magnetic strip or chip based plastic card issued by the bank or finance organisation. The card holders can used their financial need and purchase the goods on credit.

General credit card will be normally 5 years valid depends on the banking sector. The credit limits will determined by lenders based on the several factors including your credit rating, personal income and loan repayment history.

PURPOUSE:

• General Credit Card is the loan scheme for you provides hassle free credit to customers from reward & semi urban centres based on their cash flow without insistence on security.
  
• This is objective is to increase the flow of credit to individuals for entrepreneurial activity in non form sector to G. C. C .
  

EVOLUTIONS:

• In 1958 bank of America launched the Bank Americard . 
• In 1985 the central Bank of india along with Vysya  bank and United Bank of India introduced the Central credit card.
  

TYPES:

There are 3 types of credit card accounts.

• Bank issued CC (Such as Visa & MasterCard)
  
• Store / Priority Card ( Such as bay &Sears)
  
• Travel & Entertainment card also called as Charge Cards (Such as American Express Dinners club )
  

ELIGIBILITY:

• The applicant should be minimum of 18 years old.
  
• On an average income requirements is Rs. 1,44,000 per annum salaried persons and self employed.
  
• The normally credit limits will be 2.5 to 3 times of monthly gross salary.
  

ADVANTAGE:

• Globally accepted mode of payment.
• Turn repayment in to EMIs
• Interest free repayment
• Rewards & cash back offer
• Credit Score
• Secure Payment.

DISADVANTAGES:

• Minimum due trap 
• Hidden cost 
• Easy to overuse 
• High interest rate 
• Credit card fraud.

Presented by

Kalyani

Banking Student

Magme Medal, Hosur

INDIAN POSTAL BANK - 15 Mints Seminar Notes

• India Post is a government-operated postal system in India, part of the Department of Post under the Ministry of Communications. Generally known as the Post Office, it is the most widely distributed postal system in the world.
• Warren Hastings had taken initiative under East India Company to start the Postal Service in the country in 1766. 
• It was initially established under the name "Company Mail". 
• It was later modified into a service under the Crown in 1854 by Lord Dalhousie. 
• Dalhousiee introduced uniform postage rates (universal service) and helped to pass the India Post Office Act 1854 which significantly improved upon 1837 Post Office act which had introduced regular post offices in India.
• It created the position Director General of Post for the whole country.
  
• It is involved in delivering mail (post), remitting money by money orders, accepting deposits under Small Savings Schemes, providing life insurance coverage under Postal Life Insurance (PLI) and Rural Postal Life Insurance (RPLI) and providing retail services like bill collection, sale of forms, etc. 
• The DoP also acts as an agent for the Indian government in discharging other services for citizens such as old age pension payments and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) wage disbursement. 
• With 154,965 post offices (as on March 2017), India Post is the widest postal network in the world.
  
• The country has been divided into 23 postal circles, each circle headed by a Chief Postmaster General. 
• Each circle is divided into regions, headed by a Postmaster General and comprising field units known as Divisions. 
• These divisions are further divided into subdivisions.
• In addition to the 23 circles, there is a base circle to provide postal services to the Armed Forces of India headed by a Director General.
• One of the highest post offices in the world is in Hikkim, Himachal Pradesh operated by India Post at an altitude of 14,567 ft (4,440 m).
  

Who is the owner of India Post?

India Post is a government-operated postal system in India, part of the Department of Post under the Ministry of Communications.

Which is the first post office in India?

The East India company opened its first post office in 1727. In 1774 Calcutta GPO was established. The site where the GPO is now located was actually the site of the first Fort William. An alley beside the post office was the site of the guardhouse that housed the infamous 1756 Black Hole of Calcutta (1756).

What is the old name of India Post?

Company Mail

It was initially established under the name "Company Mail". It was later modified into a service under the Crown in 1854 by Lord Dalhousie.

Who is the father of Indian postal stamp?

the  answer is Robert Clive. The modern postal system, a preferred facilitator of communication in British India, was established in India by Lord Clive in 1766 and it was further developed by Warren Hastings in 1774.

How many types of Indian post are there?

All postal articles whose contents are in the nature of message can be classified as mail which includes Letters, Postcards, Inland Letter Cards, Packets, Ordinary, Registered, Insured, Value Payable articles and Speed Post. Mail is further classified as first class and second class mail.

Who is the chairman of India Post?

Shri Vineet Pandey is currently Secretary (Posts) and Chairman, Postal Services Board. He is an Officer of 1986 batch of the Indian Postal Service and has more than 33 years of experience in Postal Service.

What are the 2 types of postal services?

The two types of postal services are Regular mail and Express mail.

What are the 3 types of post office?

It is basically classified into 3 types, namely – Head Post office, Sub Post Office and Branch Post Office.

Which is best scheme in Post Office?

Well-known schemes are Public Provident Fund (PPF), Kisan Vikas Patra and Sukanya Samriddhi Yojanas. The government has made these small savings schemes available via post offices to provide a safe investment avenue for the public by providing good returns and keeping their investments safe

What are the schemes available in Post Office?

Post Office Savings Account(SB)

National Savings Recurring Deposit Account(RD)

National Savings Time Deposit Account(TD)

National Savings Monthly Income Account(MIS)

Senior Citizens Savings Scheme Account(SCSS)

Public Provident Fund Account(PPF) 

Sukanya Samriddhi Account(SSA)

Presented by,

Swarna

Banking Student

Magme Medal @ Hosur

FINANCIAL INCLUSION - 15 Mints Seminar Notes

DEFINITION:

Financial inclusion means that individuals and businesses have access to use and afford financial products and services that meet their needs- transaction, payments, savings, credit and insurance delivered in a responsible and sustainable way.financial inclusion is an important priority of the government.

OBJECTIVE:

Extend financial services to the large hitherto un-served population of the country to unlock the growth potential.

FINANCIAL INCLUSION BY RBI:

• Aim is to provide access to formal financial services in an affordable manner, broadening and deepening financial inclusion and promoting financial literacy and consumer protection while the reach of the banks.
• Amongst the ranks of the underserved got a boost through the PMJDY (Pradhan mantri Jan dhan yojana).

FINANCIAL INCLUSION SCHEMES IN INDIA:

PMJDY- pradhana mantri Jan dhan yojana.

APY- atal pension Yojana.

PMVVY- Pradhan mantri vaya vandhana yojana.

Stand up India scheme.

PMMY- Pradhan mantri mudra yojana.

PMSBY- Pradhan mantri suraksha bima yojana.

Sukanya samridhi yojana.

Jeevan suraksha bandhana yojana.

FOUR PILLARS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION:

• Technology.
  
• Women inclusion.
  
• Regulation.
  
• Financial literacy.

TOOLS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION:

Different studies and experts opined that financial inclusion requires provision of access to a range of financial products that goes beyond,

# Micro-credit to include savings .

# Micro-insurance .

# Payment facilities.

# Remittances.

# Money transfer.

# Providing quality financial services at affordable prices.

FACTOR AFFECTING FINANCIAL INCLUSION:

# High socio demographics.

# Political factors in the absence of economical development.

# High social .

# Technological and economical factors in the absence of political development,

# Political and economical factors in the absence of social and technological development.

WHY FINANCIAL INCLUSION NEEDED IN INDIA?

It helps in overall economic development of underprivileged population.In India financial inclusion is needed for upliftment of the poor and disadvantaged people by providing them the modified financial products and services .

IMPACTS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION:

• Financial inclusion can encourage financial stability by increasing the intermediate process between saving and investment.
• At macro-level , financial inclusion attracts greater participation from various segments of the economy in to the formal financial system.
  

BARRIERS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION:

• Poverty.
  
• Illiteracy.
  
• Lack of access to financial services.

FINANCIAL INCLUSION 2023:

2021- 53.9%

2022- 56.4% ( increased by 2.5%)

2023- IT will decrease by 2.3% ( expected)

Every year March month SBI will release the financial inclusion percentage. According to that experts says that there will be a downfall of 2.3%.

DID YOU KNOW:

When was the policy of financial inclusion first introduced in India by RBI?

2010-2013.

Who 1st introduced the concept of financial inclusion  in India?

In pondicherry by Dr.k.c.chakra borthy,the chairman of Indian Bank .

In which year the concept of financial inclusion introduced?

2005.

Which is the first village that started financial inclusion?

Magalam village is the first village in India where all household were provided Banking facilities.

Presented by

Swarna

Banking Student 

Magme Medal, Hosur

NEFT, RTGS, ECS CREDIT, ECS DEBIT - 15 Mints Seminar Notes

National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT)

• National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) is a mode of online funds transfer that is introduced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). 
• It quickly transfers money between banks throughout India. A bank branch must be NEFT-enabled for a customer to be able to transfer the funds to another party.
  
• In December 2019, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced the all-new NEFT payment system that is active and up 24×7 and 365 days a year. 
• The objective behind this new clearance system is to promote digital transactions and the global integration of Indian financial markets.
  
• You can place an NEFT request at any point in time. 
• The NEFT request will be sent to a queue. All the NEFT requests in the queue will be cleared once every hour.
• Real-time gross settlements are a process that is used for high-value inter-bank transactions. These transactions typically need instant and full clearing and are generally done by the central bank of the country.

RTGS

• RTGS reduces the overall risk as these settlements are made almost instantly throughout the day. 
• It is not like National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) in which settlements are made in batches. Hence, the charges involved in the real-time gross transfer of funds may incur higher costs to customers.
  
• All that a customer needs to furnish to transfer funds through real-time gross settlement is the duly filled form which contains the information of the account from which the funds have to be debited from, the account to which the funds have to be credited, and message (if any).

ECS credit

• ECS credit is used for allowing credit to a large number of beneficiaries by raising a single debit to the customer’s account, such as dividend, interest or salary payment.
• The end beneficiary need not make frequent visit to his bank for depositing the physical paper instruments.
• Delay in the realisation of proceeds, which used to happen in the receipt of the paper instrument, is eliminated.
• The ECS user helps to save on administrative machinery for printing, dispatch and reconciliation.

ECS debit

• ECS debit is used for raising debits to a number of accounts of consumers or account holders for affording a single credit to a particular institution, in cases such as utility payments like electricity bills and telephone bills.

Trouble-free: 

• Eliminates the need to go to the collection centres or banks and the need to stand in long queues for payment.
  

Easy to track: 

• Customers are not required to track down payments by last dates. The ECS users would monitor the debts. 
• The ECS user saves on administrative machinery for collecting the cheques by monitoring their realisation and reconciliation.
  

Presented by

Arvind R

CAT Student

MAGME MEDAL, Hosur

 COOPERATIVE BANKS - 15 Mints Seminar Notes

Cooperative bank is a financial entity that belongs to its members,who are both owners and customers of their bank.

Cooperative banks are often created by people belonging to the same local or professional community who share common interest.

These banks provide wide range of banking and financial services to their members(loans,deposit,bank accounts,etc….)

REGISTRATION:

• Registered under cooperative societies act. Functions with the rule of  “One for All,All for One”
  
• Functions on “No profit ,No loss”.
  

REGULATION:

• Regulated by Reserve Bank of India.Governed by banking regulation of act 1949 and bank laws.
  
• Cooperative societies operates in 1965.
  

STRUCTURES:

• URBAN COOPERATIVE BANKS
  
• RURAL COOPERATIVE BANKS

URBAN COOPERATIVE BANKS:

• Banking activities monitored by RBI.Registration and management activities managed by
• Single state: Registerer of cooperative societies(RCS)
• Multi state: Control registerer of cooperative societies(CRCS)

URBAN COOPERATIVE BANK TYPES:
SCHEDULED:
Multi-state
Single-state
NON-SCHEDULED:
Multi-state
Single-state
 

RURAL COOPERATIVE BANKS:

• Banking activities monitored by RBI and NABARD. Management of registration activities managed by Registerer of cooperative societies (RCS)

RURAL COOPERATIVE BANK TYPES:
SHORT TERM STRUCTURE:

• Primary Agriculture cooperative banks
• District central cooperative banks
• State cooperative banks

LONG TERM STRUCTURE:

• SCARDS 
• PSCARDBS

Primary Agriculture cooperative banks:

• Works at village / town level
• Operations are restricted to small area

District central cooperative banks:

• Works at district level
• Have primary agriculture cooperative bank as a member
• Linkage between Primary Agriculture cooperative banks and state cooperative banks.

State cooperative banks:

• Registered as cooperative societies. Can operate in different states.
• Under provisions of
• Single-state: State cooperative societies act of state concerned
• Multi-state: Societies act 2002.

SCARDS:

• State cooperative Agriculture and Rural development banks. Operates at state level.

PSCARDBS:

• Primary cooperative Agricultural and rural development banks. Operates at districts /block level.
  

Presented by

Subashini

Banking Student

Magme School of Banking

வெப்பவியல் - 15 Mints Seminar Notes

 வெப்பம்

1. வெப்பம் என்பது ஒரு வகை ஆற்றலாகும் அல்லது வெப்பம் என்பது பொருளின் மூலக்கூறுகளின் மொத்த இயக்க ஆற்றல்ஆகும்.

2. பொருட்களை வெப்பப்படுத்தும் போது மூலக்கூறுகளின் இயக்க ஆற்றல் அதிகரிப்பதால் பொருளின் வெப்பநிலை உயருகிறது.

3. பொருட்களை குளிர்விக்கும் போது மூலக்கூறுகளின் இயக்க ஆற்றல் குறைவதால் பொருளின் வெப்பநிலை குறைகிறது.

4.     வெப்பத்தின்அலகு- ஜீல்

5. வெப்ப ஆற்றலின் அளவு ஒரு பொருளில் உள்ள துகள்களின் திசைவேகம்,எண்ணிக்கை துகள்களின் வகை மற்றும் அளவை பொறுத்தது.

6.    வெப்பமும் வெப்பநிலையும் ஒன்றல்ல .அவை ஒன்றோடொன்று தொடர்புடையவை.அவை ஒரு பொருளின் வெவ்வேறான இரு பண்புகள்.

வெப்பநிலை

1. வெப்பநிலை என்பது ஒரு பொருளில் உள்ள மூலக்கூறுகளின் சராசரி இயக்க ஆற்றல் .

2.   வெப்பநிலையின் அலகு-கெல்வின்.

3. ஒரு பொருளின் வெப்பநிலையை அளக்க உதவும் கருவி வெப்பநிலைமானி(தெர்மாமீட்டர்).

4.   வெப்பநிலைமானி அல்லது தெர்மாமீட்டர் கருவிகளில் பயன்படும் திரவம் பாதரசம்

வெப்பத்தின் விளைவுகள்

1.   காந்தத்தை வெப்பம் படுத்தும் போது அது காந்ததன்மையை இழக்கும்.

2.   மின்கடத்திகளை வெப்பபடுத்தும் போது அதன் மின்தடை அதிகரிக்கும்.

விரிவடைதல்

• பொருட்கள் வெப்படுத்தும் போது விரிவடைகிறது.குளிர்விக்கும் போது சுருங்குகிறது. 
• வெப்ப விரிவு திண்மங்களை விட திரவங்களில் அதிகமாகவும், திரவங்களை விட வாயுக்களில் அதிகமாக இருக்கிறது.

வெப்பவிரிவின் விளைவுகள்

• இரயில் தண்டவாளங்கள் இடைவெளி விட்டுஅமைக்கப்படுகின்றன. 
• டயர்களில் உள்ள காற்றுக்குழாய்கள் கோடை காலத்தில் வெடிக்க காரணம் அதிலுள்ள காற்று வெப்பத்தினால் விரிவடைவதால்.

வெப்பம்பரவுதல்

·      வெப்பக்கடத்தல்

1. திண்மங்களில் நடைப்பெற்றது. 

2. பொருட்கள் ஒன்றையொன்று தொடும்போது மூலக்கூறுகளின் இரக்கமின்றி வெப்பம் பரவும் முறை.

·        வெப்பச் சலனம்

1. பாய்மங்களில் ( திரவங்கள், வாயுக்கள்)நடைப்பெறும். 

2.மூலக்கூறுகளின் உண்மையான இயக்கத்தினால் வெப்பம் பரவுகிறது. 

3. காற்று வீசுதல் வெப்பச் சலனத்தினால் நிகழ்கிறது.

·        வெப்பக் கதிர்வீசல்

1.   ஊடகம் எதுவுமின்றி வெப்பம் பரவும் முறை.

2.   எ.கா. சூரியவெப்பம் புவியை வந்தடைதல்.

தன்வெப்பஏற்புதிறன்

·      வெப்பத்தை வெளிவிடும் அல்லது உட்கவரும் பண்பு.

மூன்று காரணிகளால் தீர்மானிக்கப்படுகிறது.

1.   பொருளின்நிறை

2.   பொருளில் ஏற்படும் வெப்பநிலை வேறுபாடு

3.   பொருளின் தன்மை

·        SI அலகு JKg^1K^-1

·        C=Q/m×∆T

வெப்ப ஏற்புதிறன்

·      ஒரு பொருளின் வெப்பநிலையை 1°C அல்லது 1K உயர்த்த தேவைப்படும் வெப்ப ஆற்றலின் அளவு

·        SI அலகு JK^-1

·        C^1= Q/∆T

தனிச் சுழிவெப்பநிலை

ஒரு பொருளைக் குளிர்விக்க்கூடிய மிகக்குறைந்த வெப்பநிலை

0K=-273°C,.        K= C+273

·      தனிச்சுழி வெப்பநிலையில் மூலக்கூறுகளின் இயக்கம் முழுவதுமாக நின்று விடும்.

·      இவ்வெப்பநிலையில் பொருளின் வெப்ப ஆற்றல் சுழி.

வாயு விதிகள்

வெப்பநிலை-T,அழுத்தம்-P,கன அளவு-V

பாயில் விதி

மாறாத வெப்பநிலையில் குறிப்பிட்ட நிறையுள்ள வாயுவின் அழுத்தம் அதன் கன அளவிற்கு எதிர்தகவில் அமையும்.

P= மாறிலி/V

            PV= மாறிலி

சார்லஸ் விதி

மாறாத அழுத்தத்தில் குறிப்பிட்ட நிறையுள்ள வாயுவின் கன அளவு அதன் வெப்பநிலைக்கு நேர்தகவில் அமையும்.

V= T×மாறிலி

V/T= மாறிலி

அழுத்தவிதி

மாறாதகன அளவில் குறிப்பிட்டநிறையுள்ள வாயுவின் அழுத்தம் அதன் வெப்பநிலைக்கு நேர்தகவில் அமையும்

P=T×மாறிலி

            P/T=மாறிலி

வாயுச் சமன்பாடு

          PV=RT

R= வாயு மாறிலி

R=8.31 j/mol/K

வாயுவிலுள்ள மோதல்களின் எண்ணிக்கை n எனில் வாயுச்சமன்பாடு

PV=nRT

ஸ்டீபன்விதி

சூரிய வெப்பநிலையை அளக்க பயன்படும் விதி

          E = Sigma T^4,.    Sigma- ஸ்டீபன் மாறிலி

உள்ளுறை வெப்பம்

·        நீர் ஆவியாதலின் உள்ளுறை வெப்பம்-536 cal/g

·        பனிக்கட்டி உருகுதலின் உள்ளுறை வெப்பம்– 80 cal/g

Presented By,

Udhaya

Tnpsc Student 

Magme School Of Banking