DISASTER MANAGEMENT - PART 1
• A Disaster is a serious disruption, occurring over a relatively short time, of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
• In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk.
• These risks are the product of a combination of both hazards and vulnerability.
• Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as in the case of uninhabited region.
• A specific disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases the impact. A classic example is an earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in coastal flooding.
NATURAL DISASTER:
• A natural disaster is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
• Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year.
• With the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation, non-engineered constructions which make the disaster-prone areas more vulnerable, tardy communication, and poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically from natural disasters.
• Asia tops the list of casualties caused by natural hazards.
HUMAN-INSTIGATED:
• Human-instigated disasters are the consequence of technological hazards.
• Examples include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation.
• War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category.
• As with natural hazards, man-made hazards are events that have not happened—for instance, terrorism.
• Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become reality in an event.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND ITS TYPES:
• Disaster Management refers to manage disaster response in the country or simply it can be said as how we can protect or preserve many life’s and property.
• India has been traditionally vulnerable to the natural disasters on the account of its unique geo-climatic conditions.
• Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides would have been a recurrent phenomena.
• About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities; over 40 million hectares is prone to floods; about 8% of the total area is prone to cyclones and 69% of the area is susceptible to drought.
• Disaster management occupies an important place in this country’s policy framework as it is the poor and the under-privileged who are worst affected on account of calamities/disasters.
NATIONAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE (NCMC)
• Cabinet Secretary, who is the highest executive officer, heads the NCMC. Secretaries of all the concerned Ministries /Departments as well as organizations are the members of the Committee.
• The NCMC gives direction to the Crisis Management Group as deemed necessary.
• The Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs is responsible for ensuring that all developments are brought to the notice of the NCMC promptly.
• The NCMC can give directions to any Ministry/Department/Organization for specific action needed for meeting the crisis situation.
EARTHQUAKE
• When the Lithospheric plates move, the surface of the earth vibrates.
• The vibrations can travel all round the earth. These vibrations are called earthquakes.
• The place in the crust where the movement starts is called the focus. The place on the surface above the focus is called the epicentre.
• Vibrations travel outwards from the epicentre as waves.Greatest damage is usually closest to the epicentre and the strength of the earthquake decreases away from the centre.
• Earthquakes occur when the ground is subjected to so much force that it fractures or breaks.
• Earthquakes occur all the time all over the world, both along plate edges and along faults.
• Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the oceanic and continental plates.
• The earth’s crust (the outer layer of the planet) is made up of several pieces, called plates.
• Earthquakes usually occur where two plates are running into each other or sliding past each other.
TYPES
There are three types of earthquake waves:
• P waves or longitudinal waves
• S waves or transverse waves
• L waves or surface waves
• In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk.
• These risks are the product of a combination of both hazards and vulnerability.
• Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as in the case of uninhabited region.
• A specific disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases the impact. A classic example is an earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in coastal flooding.
NATURAL DISASTER:
• A natural disaster is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
• Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year.
• With the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with deforestation, unplanned growth proliferation, non-engineered constructions which make the disaster-prone areas more vulnerable, tardy communication, and poor or no budgetary allocation for disaster prevention, developing countries suffer more or less chronically from natural disasters.
• Asia tops the list of casualties caused by natural hazards.
HUMAN-INSTIGATED:
• Human-instigated disasters are the consequence of technological hazards.
• Examples include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation.
• War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category.
• As with natural hazards, man-made hazards are events that have not happened—for instance, terrorism.
• Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become reality in an event.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND ITS TYPES:
• Disaster Management refers to manage disaster response in the country or simply it can be said as how we can protect or preserve many life’s and property.
• India has been traditionally vulnerable to the natural disasters on the account of its unique geo-climatic conditions.
• Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides would have been a recurrent phenomena.
• About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities; over 40 million hectares is prone to floods; about 8% of the total area is prone to cyclones and 69% of the area is susceptible to drought.
• Disaster management occupies an important place in this country’s policy framework as it is the poor and the under-privileged who are worst affected on account of calamities/disasters.
NATIONAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE (NCMC)
• Cabinet Secretary, who is the highest executive officer, heads the NCMC. Secretaries of all the concerned Ministries /Departments as well as organizations are the members of the Committee.
• The NCMC gives direction to the Crisis Management Group as deemed necessary.
• The Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs is responsible for ensuring that all developments are brought to the notice of the NCMC promptly.
• The NCMC can give directions to any Ministry/Department/Organization for specific action needed for meeting the crisis situation.
EARTHQUAKE
• When the Lithospheric plates move, the surface of the earth vibrates.
• The vibrations can travel all round the earth. These vibrations are called earthquakes.
• The place in the crust where the movement starts is called the focus. The place on the surface above the focus is called the epicentre.
• Vibrations travel outwards from the epicentre as waves.Greatest damage is usually closest to the epicentre and the strength of the earthquake decreases away from the centre.
• Earthquakes occur when the ground is subjected to so much force that it fractures or breaks.
• Earthquakes occur all the time all over the world, both along plate edges and along faults.
• Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the oceanic and continental plates.
• The earth’s crust (the outer layer of the planet) is made up of several pieces, called plates.
• Earthquakes usually occur where two plates are running into each other or sliding past each other.
TYPES
There are three types of earthquake waves:
• P waves or longitudinal waves
• S waves or transverse waves
• L waves or surface waves
IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES
• Foreshock is an earthquake that occurs before a larger earthquake, called the mainshock.
• An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the mainshock.
• An aftershock is in the same region of the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude.
• Aftershocks are formed as the crust adjusts to the effects of the main shock.
EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA
• Strong and damaging earthquakes have been felt in all parts of India and the rest of south Asia.
• The most seismically active areas are those in the Himalayan regions of the sub-continent and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands due to the peculiar regional tectonic setup.
• The peninsula area, was generally thought to be “seismically safe”.
• But recent large quakes such as Koyna & Killari, have proven otherwise.
• Several damaging shocks have hit this region in historical and ancient times.
• The largest known Indian earthquake occurred is the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, also known as the Bhuj earthquake, occurred on 26 January which was also India’s 52nd Republic Day.
• At least 20,005 people killed, 166,836 injured, approximately 339,000 buildings destroyed and 783,000 damaged in the Bhuj-Ahmadabad-Rajkot area and other parts of Gujarat.
• Many bridges and roads damaged in Gujarat. At least 18 people killed and some injured in southern Pakistan.
• The earthquake was followed by a large number of aftershocks.
• The Indian Metrology Department (IMD) recorded more than 500 aftershocks of magnitude 3.0 and above, which continued through the month of March
How is it measured
• When and earthquake occurs it generates seismic waves which radiate away from the rupture point like waves in a pond, but also travelling downwards through the earth.
• An earthquake is measured with a machine called a seismograph.
• The magnitude of the earthquake is measured on the Richter scale.
Impact
• Poor construction technique, where slab walls and floors are not tied together correctly, for example, makes buildings far more vulnerable to earthquake damage; buildings where the bricks have been held in place with the correct mortar tend to survive much better.
Resonant frequency
• The resonant frequency depends on the height of the building: low frequency shaking might cause tall buildings to shake violently while having little effect on low-rise buildings nearby, although higher frequencies of vibration might have the opposite effect.
To be Continued in Part 2
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